Columbia University in the City of New York

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Michael N. Shadlen, MD, PhD

Professor of Neuroscience; Principal Investigator at Columbia's Zuckerman Institute; Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute

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My view is that advanced cognition, language, philosophizing, all the fancy stuff that we humans do — even consciousness for that matter — all use the same basic building blocks.

By investigating the neural mechanisms that guide decision making, Michael Shadlen offers a window into fascinating aspects of higher brain function, such as reasoning, planning and strategizing. His research further reveals that disruptions to these mechanisms could play a role in cognitive impairment. With improved knowledge of these critical neural processes, we may one day manipulate them to treat a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders that affect cognition.

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ABOUT MICHAEL SHADLEN

Watching Decisions, One Cell at a Time

How does the brain weigh evidence before choosing what to do?

When Michael Shadlen, MD, PhD, was a neurology resident, he encountered a lot of patients high on PCP. Their eyes darted around uncontrollably, their visual systems unable to tally up previous eye movements to calculate their current position. Patients also exhibited confusion, leading Shadlen to hypothesize that, at its core, confusion results from an inability of the brain to integrate individual bits of information and piece them together into a complete picture. For these patients, the past has no bearing on the present and everything is new and threatening. This idea has guided his research as a principal investigator at Columbia’s Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, leading to new insights about how nerve cells in the brain, known as neurons, use experience to make decisions.

In his lab, Dr. Shadlen studies how we turn visual signals into behavior. He focuses on the brain’s parietal cortex, a region that acts as a go-between — linking areas that take in sensory input to those that prepare the body to act. People with damage to the parietal cortex exhibit trouble with various skills, from understanding numbers to knowing what objects are for, “so the parietal cortex seems like a great place to look for the seeds of higher brain function in general,” Dr. Shadlen says.

In a typical experiment, an animal will view a video screen and have to decide between looking at a red or a green spot in hopes of a reward. A series of learned clues — abstract shapes such as squares and triangles — appear on the screen suggesting one spot or the other is more likely to pay off. As the animal contemplates its decision, Dr. Shadlen records the activity of individual neurons.

He likens a neuron’s behavior as it weighs the evidence to the cracking of the German Enigma machine in World War II: “The neurons are effectively doing math as they change their firing rate — calculating the kind of quantities a statistician would assemble to decide between one hypothesis or another.” In everyday life, these decisions might pertain to what word to say next in a conversation, whether to carry an umbrella, or whom to marry.

He’s also found that single neurons can keep track of time for up to several seconds. After training an animal by presenting two flashes separated by a certain interval, he observed that these same parietal neurons will increase activity when they “expect” the second flash to arrive. Such anticipation, Dr. Shadlen says, allows us to wait until the right time to do things, and to predict and resolve our expectations. Anticipation, persistence and deliberation are examples of “freedom from the immediacy of the sensory world and the motor world.”

Sometimes Dr. Shadlen plays curious listeners audio recordings of individual neurons as they cogitate. “People are intrigued by the idea that they’re witnessing what it is that constitutes an evolving thought process in the brain,” he says.

Dr. Shadlen started his career as a physician but was frustrated by how little he could do to help people with brain problems. There were so many gaps in what we knew about the brain, he recalls, that he was drawn to the lab. He hopes his work to decipher the fundamental components of cognition will one day help treat people with disorders ranging from schizophrenia to autism to dementia.

He also wants to understand the general mechanisms of thought. “My view is that advanced cognition, language, philosophizing, all the fancy stuff that we humans do — even consciousness for that matter — all use these same basic building blocks,” he says. And understanding those building blocks is the key to understanding everything else.

Videos Featuring Michael Shadlen

How the Brain Thinks, Decides and Creates

In this lecture, Michael Shadlen, MD, PhD, discusses exciting new insights into how the brain makes decisions — from the simple to the complex — that lay the foundation for its most amazing abilities.

Columbia’s Zuckerman Institute Presents Jazz in the Brain: A Dialogue of Sound and Science

How does a neuroscientist answer the question: What is a thought? How does a jazz musician create a new phrase that grooves with the band and excites the listener?

Behind the Scenes of Inside Out with Daphna Shohamy & Michael Shadlen

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