Professor of Neuroscience; Principal Investigator at Columbia's Zuckerman Institute
Our work is probably the closest one can get to watching the recollection of memories in real time.
Attila Losonczy’s team pinpointed the cells that prevent the formation of fearful memories — offering new hope for the treatment of psychiatric disorders that cause debilitating fear and anxiety.
Read more about Attila Losonczy, MD, PhD >The hippocampus is one of the most studied areas of the brain, but much of what we know comes from listening to it (by recording its electrical activity) or viewing parts of it in a petri dish. Recently, however, microscope technology has advanced to a stage so refined that cellular activity can be looked at in a living, behaving animal. Attila Losonczy, MD, PhD, a principal investigator at Columbia’s Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, is now using these tools to ask how the brain is able to learn and store information. “It seems that for the hippocampus,” he says, “the time is right for such a targeted investigation.”
One fundamental question is how the cells in the hippocampus — and the connections between these cells — support this brain region’s crucial role in memory. Do different types of brain cells, or neurons, guide specific behaviors? We know there is a huge diversity of neurons in the hippocampus, but we know little about what they do.
One way Dr. Losonczy explores these questions is by placing mice in virtual reality environments and watching their brains as they move around. Together, the cells in the hippocampus form a mental map of our environment: In addition to memory in general, the hippocampus guides spatial navigation — our internal GPS — by connecting events with particular locations. In experiments, Dr. Losonczy and his team reward the mouse with sugar water when it arrives at specific spots in its virtual world. As mice learn the locations of treats, Dr. Losonczy monitors the hippocampus with a two-photon microscope, which uses a laser to detect the activity of neurons that have been tagged with fluorescent dye.
He can even observe individual synapses, which are the physical connections between neurons. “The strength of synaptic connectivity is thought to be the location of information processing and storage,” Dr. Losonczy says. “And now we will have the ability to see how synapses are transformed during the process of learning in a behaving animal.”
Another exciting opportunity is the observation of what are called sharp-wave ripples — waves of electrical activity that pass through the hippocampus as memories are replayed, before or after storage in other parts of the brain. “This is probably the closest one can get to watching the recollection of memories in real time,” he says.
The information Dr. Losonczy gleans from the hippocampus can also inform disease. Damage to the hippocampus has dramatic consequences for our capacity to learn and is implicated in a wide range of disorders. Dr. Losonczy’s group looks at two in particular. First, they study how hippocampal circuits are altered in schizophrenia by studying mice modified to show schizophrenia-like symptoms. Second, they study epilepsy, as epileptic seizures often begin in the hippocampus and surrounding areas. Using a technique called optogenetics, they alter the behavior of particular cells with light to prevent seizures. They then turn to the two-photon microscope to see if they have restored the circuits to normal functioning.
As members of the White House BRAIN Initiative, Dr. Losonczy and others are trying to incorporate the entire suite of existing imaging and electrophysiological data on the hippocampus into detailed computer simulations. “If we can build a full-scale and data-driven model,” he says, “this would be the final stage of understanding of a neural circuit.”
Searle Scholar (2011)
HFSP Program Grant (2012)
Harvey L. Karp Discovery Award (2012)
Young Investigator Award (2013)
Memory and Cognitive Disorders Award (2013)
Brain Iniaitive Award (2014, 2015)
Harold and Golden Lamport Award for Excellence in Basic Science Research (2015)
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