NEW YORK — The microglia depicted in the above image are the most common immune cells in the brain, where they defend against intruders and engulf damaged neurons. Now scientists at Columbia's Zuckerman Institute have for the first time discovered that, just like human neurons, human microglia mature especially slowly compared to those in other animals.

"This slow development may help human microglia influence the human brain in ways that enable our powerful cognitive abilities," said Carlos Diaz-Salazar, PhD, the lead author of a new Neuron study on the subject, who took part in this research while at the lab of Franck Polleux, PhD.

Focused on what makes humans special, the Polleux lab has investigated the gene SRGAP2 for more than 15 years , one of several dozen genes duplicated only in humans. Previously, Dr. Polleux discovered that human-specific duplicates of SRGAP2 help boost the number of connections, or synapses, that neurons form and make those synapses very slow to mature, two hallmarks that make human neurons unique among all mammals. This leads to neurons that have stronger and denser connections to their neighbors and are therefore better able to process and store information.

In the new study, Dr. Diaz-Salazar first discovered that human-specific duplicates of SRGAP2 are nearly 10 times more abundant in microglia than in neurons.

"So the question was, 'Why on Earth is this gene so active in microglia?'" recalled Dr. Polleux, a principal investigator at the Zuckerman Institute.

Previous research over the past 20 years or so has discovered that microglia, which make up 5 to 10 percent of brain cells, not only fight infections or help repair damage, but during development, they also help neurons decide which synapses they keep and which they discard. They can also increase or decrease how responsive synapses are in brain circuits.

In the new study, experiments with mice and with human cells revealed human-specific duplicates of SRGAP2 cause human microglia to take four to eight years to mature. In contrast, mouse microglia take about three weeks to mature.

"This gene helps control the developmental tempo of neurons, and nature has also selected it to control the development of microglia that are so crucial to neuron development, so they are in sync during development," said Dr. Diaz-Salazar, who is now a researcher at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona.

The human brain is unique among mammals for how long it takes to mature. This prolonged development, known as neoteny, is thought to underlie humans' advanced brainpower. The researchers now want to understand the precise mechanisms through which SRGAP2 promotes neoteny in neurons, microglia and other cells in the brain. "We want to understand all the elements that help make up the human brain to understand what makes us unique from an evolutionary standpoint," Dr. Polleux said. “Because scientists have recently found that microglia are involved in neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, our findings get us a step closer to understanding what makes human microglia special in the context of brain diseases.”

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The paper, “Human-specific paralogs of SRGAP2 induce neotenic features of microglia maturation and impact synaptic development,” appeared in Neuron July 28, 2026.

The full list of authors includes Carlos Diaz-Salazar, Jaeyeon Kim, Marine Krzisch, Juyoun Yoo, Patricia R. Nano, Aparna Bhaduri, Rudolf Jaenisch, Mercedes Paredes, and Franck Polleux.

This work was supported by a Revson Senior Fellowship in Biomedical Sciences (REVSON 23-17; CDS), a career award from the NIH-NINDS (R35 NS127232), and an award from the NOMIS Foundation.

The authors report no competing interests.